The history of credit scores began long before the three-digit numbers consumers recognize today.
Statistical credit scoring first emerged in the late 1950s. According to the Federal Reserve, the first commercial credit-scoring systems were developed in 1958 by Bill Fair and Earl Isaac for a finance company called American Investment. The modern general-purpose FICO Score was introduced in 1989 and became available through all three major U.S. credit reporting companies in 1991.
Therefore, the answer to “When were credit scores invented?” depends on what you mean:
Late 1950s: Statistical credit scoring began to be used commercially. 1958: Fair and Isaac developed one of the first commercial scoring systems. 1989: The modern FICO Score was launched. 1991: FICO Scores became available through Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. Mid-1990s: Credit scores became increasingly important in mortgage underwriting. Credit scoring was developed to help lenders evaluate large numbers of applications more quickly, consistently, and economically than a fully manual review.
Key Takeaways Lenders evaluated credit risk long before numerical credit scores existed. Early lending decisions relied heavily on manual judgment and personal review. Statistical credit scoring first emerged in the late 1950s. Bill Fair and Earl Isaac developed an early commercial credit-scoring system in 1958. The modern FICO Score was introduced in 1989. FICO Scores became available through all three major credit bureaus in 1991. Mortgage lenders began using generic credit scores more broadly during the 1990s. The Fair Credit Reporting Act, Equal Credit Opportunity Act, and later consumer-protection laws shaped how credit information could be collected, used, and disclosed. Credit scores were designed to estimate risk—not to explain a borrower’s entire financial situation or guarantee a lending decision. Modern lenders still review income, debts, assets, property, and other underwriting factors in addition to credit scores. Important Note: A credit score is not a complete measure of financial health and does not determine mortgage approval by itself. Mortgage eligibility, rates, fees, down payment, and loan terms depend on the lender, program, borrower, property, underwriting, and market conditions.
Credit Score History Timeline Year or period
Development
Before the 1950s Credit decisions were generally made through manual or “judgmental” review Late 1950s Statistical credit scoring began appearing in retail and consumer finance 1956 Fair, Isaac and Company—now FICO—was founded 1958 Fair and Isaac developed an early commercial credit-scoring system 1970–1971 The Fair Credit Reporting Act established federal rules for consumer reporting 1974 The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibited discrimination in credit transactions Late 1970s Many large banks, finance companies, and credit card issuers used scoring systems 1987 Early generic credit-history scores became commercially available 1989 The general-purpose FICO Score was launched 1991 FICO Scores became available through all three nationwide credit bureaus Mid-1990s Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac recommended credit scores for mortgages they purchased 2001 Consumers gained direct access to FICO Scores through myFICO 2003 The FACT Act expanded access to free annual credit reports 2006 VantageScore entered the credit-scoring market Today Multiple scoring models are used for mortgages, credit cards, auto loans, insurance, and other purposes
The timeline shows that credit scoring was not created in one single moment. It developed gradually as statistical methods, computers, credit reporting, and consumer lending became more sophisticated.
What Happened Before Credit Scores? Before modern credit scores, lenders still evaluated whether applicants were likely to repay their debts.
The difference was that the decision was usually made manually by a banker, merchant, credit manager, or loan officer.
The lender might review:
Income Employment Existing debts Property or collateral Banking relationships Payment references Personal reputation Length of residence Information from a local credit bureau The lender’s previous experience with the applicant The Federal Reserve refers to this approach as a judgmental credit-risk evaluation system. In a judgmental system, a person reviews the available information and decides whether the applicant appears likely to repay.
Manual underwriting allowed lenders to consider unique circumstances, but it also had limitations.
It could be:
Slow Expensive Difficult to scale Inconsistent between decision-makers Influenced by personal assumptions Difficult to apply uniformly across thousands of applications Two applicants with similar financial profiles could receive different decisions because different loan officers interpreted their information differently.
Why Were Credit Scores Invented? Credit scores were invented to help lenders answer a basic question:
How likely is this borrower to repay the debt as agreed?
Credit scoring uses a mathematical model to analyze selected information and produce a numerical measure of credit risk.
The primary goals were to make credit decisions:
Faster More consistent Less expensive Easier to automate Easier to apply across large groups of applicants More closely connected to documented repayment patterns The Federal Reserve explains that statistical scoring has high initial development costs but a very low cost each time the system is applied. Once built, the same model can evaluate hundreds or millions of applications efficiently.
This became increasingly important as lenders began offering:
Retail installment credit Credit cards Auto financing Personal loans Mortgages Other mass-market consumer credit A lender could not economically perform an extensive manual investigation for every small credit account. Statistical models made large-scale consumer lending more practical.
Were Credit Scores Created to Eliminate Human Judgment? Credit scoring was partly designed to reduce reliance on subjective decision-making, but it did not completely remove human judgment from lending.
A score can standardize how selected credit-report information is evaluated. It can reduce situations in which individual loan officers apply inconsistent personal standards.
FICO describes the original FICO Score as a tool designed to provide a common and impartial measure of credit risk across lenders and credit bureaus.
However, a scoring model is built using:
Historical data Selected variables Statistical assumptions Performance definitions Model-development decisions The use of credit scoring has therefore also raised questions about:
Access to credit Differences among demographic groups Consumers with limited credit history Errors in credit reports Whether historical financial inequalities can affect model outcomes How easily consumers can understand or challenge decisions A Federal Reserve study found that the credit-history scores it evaluated were predictive of repayment risk across the population and major demographic groups. The report also acknowledged concerns about differential effects and the limitations of analyzing credit outcomes across different populations.
Credit scores can make part of the decision more standardized, but responsible underwriting still requires accurate data, fair-lending compliance, appropriate model use, and consideration of the complete application.
When Did Credit Scoring Start? The Federal Reserve states that credit scoring first emerged in the late 1950s, initially supporting lending decisions in the credit departments of large retailers and finance companies.
At that time, most models were not universal consumer scores.
They were typically:
Developed for one lender Built for one type of account Based on that lender’s previous customers Used to evaluate new applications Combined with information from the credit application A department store could use one scoring model for store-credit applications, while a finance company could use another model for installment loans.
These early scores were generally known as application scores or custom lender models rather than the broadly available credit-bureau scores used today.
What Year Did Credit Scores Start? If you need one year, 1958 is the most useful historical answer.
The Federal Reserve’s history identifies the systems developed by Bill Fair and Earl Isaac in 1958 for American Investment as the first commercial credit-scoring systems. Fair and Isaac had founded their analytics company in 1956.
However, 1958 was not the year every American suddenly received a personal credit score.
The system developed gradually:
Individual lenders first used custom models. Banks and credit card companies adopted scoring more broadly. Credit bureaus developed larger national databases. Generic scores became available across multiple lenders and products. Consumers eventually gained direct access to their own scores. The familiar three-digit consumer score came later.
Who Invented Credit Scores? No single person invented every form of credit scoring.
Statistical methods for predicting risk were developed over time by researchers, lenders, retailers, finance companies, and analytics firms.
However, Bill Fair and Earl Isaac are strongly associated with the commercialization of modern credit scoring.
They founded Fair, Isaac and Company in 1956 based on the idea that mathematical analysis of data could improve business decisions. Their company built an early commercial credit-scoring system in 1958.
The company later became known as:
Fair Isaac Corporation FICO FICO is a company and brand name. A FICO Score is one type of credit score.
Not every credit score is a FICO Score.
How Did Credit Scoring Grow During the 1960s and 1970s? During the 1960s and 1970s, more lenders began replacing or supplementing fully manual credit reviews with statistical systems.
By the end of the 1970s, the Federal Reserve reports that most of the country’s largest commercial banks, finance companies, and credit card issuers used some form of credit scoring.
These systems were often lender-specific.
For example, a bank might develop separate models for:
Credit cards Auto loans Personal loans Account-management decisions Credit scoring also became more practical as computers improved.
Early models were limited by:
Computing cost Small databases Local credit-report information Inconsistent reporting Expensive access to consumer records As financial institutions gained greater computing capacity and more organized credit data, models could analyze more accounts and make decisions more quickly.
How Did the Fair Credit Reporting Act Affect Credit Scores? The Fair Credit Reporting Act, commonly called the FCRA, was enacted in 1970 and became effective on April 25, 1971.
It did not invent credit scores. Instead, it created a federal framework governing consumer reporting and the organizations that collect, furnish, and use consumer credit information.
Among other provisions and later amendments, the FCRA addresses areas such as:
Permissible purposes for accessing a credit report Consumer access to report information Disputing inaccurate information Responsibilities of credit reporting companies Responsibilities of companies furnishing information Notices after certain adverse decisions Identity theft protections The law became especially important as credit information moved from local files toward larger national databases.
A credit score is only as reliable as the underlying credit-report information. Incorrect balances, late payments, mixed files, or fraudulent accounts can affect the score calculated from that report.
How Did the Equal Credit Opportunity Act Affect Lending? The Equal Credit Opportunity Act, or ECOA, was enacted in 1974.
It prohibits creditors from discriminating against applicants in a credit transaction based on protected characteristics identified by federal law.
ECOA did not require lenders to use credit scores.
Instead, it established legal standards for fair access to credit. As lenders adopted statistical systems, they also needed to ensure that their lending criteria and model use complied with applicable fair-lending requirements.
Credit scoring can standardize certain parts of underwriting, but a numerical model does not exempt a lender from fair-lending laws.
When Did Credit Scores Become Connected to Credit Reports? Early scoring models frequently relied on information submitted on an application and a lender’s own customer history.
By the late 1980s, a new form of scoring had emerged: the generic credit-history score.
Unlike a model developed for one lender, a generic score could be calculated from information stored by a nationwide credit reporting company and used by many different lenders.
The Federal Reserve identifies two early widely available scores:
MDS Bankruptcy Score, introduced in 1987 FICO Prescore, developed for underwriting new credit card accounts TransUnion became the first credit reporting company to offer a credit-history-based score with an online, real-time credit report in 1987.
This shift was critical because lenders could begin using a standardized risk score for applicants with whom they had no previous relationship.
When Was the FICO Score Invented? The general-purpose FICO Score was introduced in 1989.
FICO designed it as a broad measure of credit risk that could use data from the nationwide credit reporting companies.
In 1991, the FICO Score became available through all three major U.S. credit bureaus. FICO explains that the scores used a common design blueprint, giving lenders a more consistent scoring framework even when the underlying report came from a different bureau.
This was an important change.
Before broadly available generic scores, lenders often relied on:
Their own custom scorecards One bureau’s proprietary score Manual underwriting Product-specific evaluation methods The FICO framework made it easier for different lenders to use a comparable three-digit risk ranking.
Why Does the FICO Score Range From 300 to 850? The commonly used FICO Score range runs from 300 to 850, with a higher number generally indicating a lower predicted credit risk.
The Federal Reserve explains that a generic credit-history score ranks consumers according to the probability of becoming seriously delinquent over a future performance period.
The score is not:
A dollar amount A percentage of debts paid A measure of income A ranking of personal character A guarantee that the consumer will or will not default It is a statistical ranking.
A person with a high score can still miss a future payment, and a person with a low score can still repay every new debt. Scoring estimates relative risk across groups; it does not predict an individual future with certainty.
Generic credit-history scores generally use information found in a consumer’s credit report.
The Federal Reserve groups common scoring characteristics into five broad categories:
Payment history Amounts owed Length of credit history Types of credit used Recent acquisition of credit The exact formulas, weights, and variables depend on the scoring model and consumer profile.
Traditional credit scores generally do not directly use:
Salary Employment title Bank-account balance Home value Race Religion Marital status A lender may separately consider income, employment, assets, property, and debts during underwriting even though they are not part of the traditional credit score.
Credit Report vs. Credit Score A credit report and credit score are related, but they are not the same thing.
Credit report
Credit score
A record of credit-related information A numerical calculation Contains accounts, balances, payment history, and inquiries Summarizes selected report data into a risk ranking Maintained by a consumer reporting company Calculated by applying a scoring model Can contain errors that should be disputed Can change when report data changes Does not contain one permanent universal score Different models can produce different scores
The Federal Reserve notes that credit scores are not permanently stored as part of the credit record. A score is generally calculated upon request using the information available in the record at that time.
This helps explain why your score can change when:
A creditor reports a new balance A payment is posted An account becomes late A collection is updated A new inquiry appears An error is corrected A different model is used When Did Mortgage Lenders Start Using Credit Scores? Credit scores became increasingly important in mortgage lending during the 1990s.
The Federal Reserve reports that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac recommended using FICO Scores and the MDS Bankruptcy Score for mortgages they purchased in the mid-1990s.
Before widespread mortgage scoring, underwriters placed more emphasis on manually reviewing:
Mortgage and rental history Employment Income Savings Debts Explanations for late payments Personal credit references Mortgage credit scoring helped lenders and secondary-market investors evaluate large numbers of loans through a more standardized risk framework.
However, mortgage approval never became based exclusively on the credit score.
Mortgage lenders also review:
Qualifying income Employment stability Monthly debts Debt-to-income ratio Down payment Financial reserves Property value Property eligibility Occupancy Mortgage insurance Loan structure Underwriting-system findings A strong credit score cannot replace sufficient income, acceptable property, or the funds required to close.
Understanding the mortgage underwriting process can help borrowers see how lenders evaluate credit alongside income, assets, debts, and property requirements.
Why Can Mortgage Credit Scores Differ From Consumer Scores? As credit scoring evolved, developers created different model versions for different lending purposes.
A lender may use:
Mortgage-specific score Auto-lending score Bankcard score General consumer score Proprietary internal score The data may also come from different credit bureaus and different reporting dates.
As a result, the score displayed by a credit card company or consumer app may not match the score used for a mortgage application.
The difference does not necessarily mean either score is incorrect. The scores may have been created from:
Different models Different bureau records Different dates Different industry purposes This is a direct result of the way credit scoring evolved—not evidence that every lender uses the same universal score.
When Could Consumers See Their Own FICO Scores? For much of credit-scoring history, the scores were primarily tools used by lenders.
Many consumers knew that lenders reviewed their credit but did not have direct, routine access to the numerical score used in the decision.
In 2001, FICO launched myFICO.com, providing consumers with direct access to FICO Scores and educational information.
Access to consumer credit information expanded further through federal legislation.
The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 amended the FCRA and gave consumers the right to obtain a free annual credit report from each nationwide credit reporting company.
A free credit report is not always accompanied by a free credit score.
The distinction remains important:
Federal law provides access to free annual reports through the authorized system. A score may be provided separately by a lender, financial institution, credit bureau, or consumer service. The score displayed may not be the same model used for a mortgage. When Was VantageScore Introduced? VantageScore was introduced in 2006.
It was developed through a joint effort involving Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion to create a scoring model that could be applied consistently to the data maintained by each credit reporting company.
VantageScore gave lenders and other score users an alternative to FICO.
Over time, VantageScore models have evolved in areas such as:
Score ranges Treatment of limited credit histories Use of trended credit data Model consistency across bureaus Inclusion of a broader scoreable population Today, the score displayed by a free consumer-credit service may be a VantageScore rather than a FICO Score.
That score can still be useful for understanding general credit direction, but borrowers should ask which model a mortgage lender will actually use.
How Have Credit Scores Changed Over Time? Credit scores have changed as technology and credit information have improved.
Early scoring systems were built using:
Smaller data sets Fewer variables Limited computing power Lender-specific customer records Application information Modern models can use:
Larger national credit databases More detailed account histories More advanced statistical methods Trended balance information Updated model-development techniques Specialized scorecards for different credit profiles Models are also periodically redeveloped or recalibrated to reflect changes in:
Consumer behavior Lending products Economic conditions Available data Regulatory requirements Model performance The Federal Reserve notes that credit-scoring systems are routinely changed and re-estimated as technology, data, and consumer credit experience evolve.
This is why a FICO Score version introduced decades ago can differ from a newer FICO model even when both use the 300-to-850 range.
Is There Only One Credit Score Today? No.
A consumer can have many scores at the same time.
Scores can vary because of:
Credit bureau Scoring company Model version Industry Lender Date calculated Information reported to each bureau Examples include:
FICO Score VantageScore Mortgage-specific FICO Score Auto Score Bankcard Score Proprietary lender score Insurance-related credit score where permitted The phrase “my credit score” is convenient, but technically there is no single permanent score assigned to a consumer for every purpose.
Does Every Lender Use FICO? No.
FICO is widely used, but lenders may use different approved scores or proprietary risk models depending on:
Credit product Investor Loan program Lending institution Regulatory requirements Internal risk policy In mortgage lending, credit-score requirements continue to evolve. Under Fannie Mae's current guidelines, lenders may use either Classic FICO or VantageScore 4.0 for eligible loans, subject to applicable underwriting and delivery requirements. FICO Score 10T has also been approved by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), but it is not yet available for loans delivered to Fannie Mae.
For more information about agency mortgage guidelines, review the differences between Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , including how their underwriting approaches and credit requirements may differ.
Borrowers should ask:
Which scoring company is used? Which model version is used? Which credit bureaus are reviewed? Which score determines eligibility? Which score affects mortgage pricing? Benefits of Credit Scoring Credit scoring has helped lenders:
Process applications faster Evaluate large applicant populations Apply defined criteria more consistently Automate portions of underwriting Price credit according to measured risk Manage existing accounts Expand consumer-credit operations Compare loans across portfolios The Federal Reserve concluded that the cost and time savings associated with credit scoring are generally believed to have increased access to credit, promoted competition, and improved market efficiency.
For consumers, faster and more standardized evaluation can mean:
Quicker decisions More lender competition Greater ability to shop among offers Less reliance on an existing personal relationship with a bank Access to national rather than only local lenders Limitations of Credit Scoring A credit score cannot tell the complete story of a borrower.
It does not directly show:
Current income Emergency savings Employment stability Down payment Property condition Cost of living Medical or family circumstances Complete reasons behind past financial problems Likelihood of a future job loss Whether a particular mortgage is affordable Other limitations include:
Credit-report errors can affect the score. Consumers with limited traditional credit may be difficult to score. Different models can produce different results. A model is based on historical patterns rather than certainty. The number can be difficult for consumers to interpret. A score may not reflect recent positive changes until creditors update the report. Historical disparities in access to credit can affect the information available in consumer credit files. A lender should use the score for its intended purpose and combine it with the other information required for the credit product.
For borrowers with major credit events, our guide to recent credit event loans explains mortgage options and qualification considerations after bankruptcy or foreclosure.
Why Do Credit Scores Still Matter for Mortgages? Credit scores help mortgage lenders assess the risk that a borrower may become delinquent.
Depending on the mortgage program, the score can affect:
Program eligibility Automated underwriting Interest-rate structure Discount points Loan-level pricing adjustments Mortgage insurance Down payment Required financial reserves Available lender options The score does not work alone.
Two borrowers with the same credit score may receive different mortgage options because they have different:
Incomes Debts Down payments Property types Loan amounts Occupancies Mortgage programs Financial reserves The history of credit scores shows why the number was created: it is a risk-ranking tool, not a complete mortgage decision.
To understand how credit scoring affects today's homebuyers, explore why credit scores matter for mortgages , including mortgage eligibility, pricing, and available loan options.
How to Review Your Credit Before Applying for a Mortgage Check All Three Credit Reports Review reports from:
Equifax Experian TransUnion Look for:
Accounts that are not yours Incorrect late payments Wrong balances Incorrect credit limits Duplicate collections Outdated account information Fraudulent inquiries Incorrect personal details A score calculated from incorrect information can also be inaccurate.
Dispute Genuine Errors Submit a dispute to:
The credit reporting company The company that supplied the incorrect information Include records supporting your position.
Do not dispute information you know is accurate merely to try to change the underwriting result.
Continue Paying Every Account on Time Payment history remains an important part of modern credit scoring.
Maintain on-time payments throughout:
Mortgage pre-approval Home search Purchase contract Underwriting Closing Manage Revolving Balances Large reported credit-card balances can affect credit utilization and the score calculated from the report.
Before paying down debt, consider whether you also need those funds for:
Down payment Closing costs Financial reserves Moving expenses Discuss the complete strategy with your Loan Officer.
For practical steps to strengthen your credit profile, read our guide on how to improve credit before buying a home , including reviewing credit reports, reducing balances, and avoiding unnecessary new debt.
Avoid Unnecessary New Credit New inquiries and accounts can affect both:
Credit score Mortgage debt-to-income ratio Avoid financing a vehicle, furniture, appliances, or another large purchase before closing without reviewing the impact.
Understanding how to calculate your debt-to-income ratio for a mortgage can help you see how new monthly debt obligations may affect mortgage qualification, even when your credit score remains strong.
Do Not Assume a Free App Shows Your Mortgage Score A consumer app can help you monitor general credit direction, but it may use a different scoring model from the mortgage lender.
Ask the Loan Officer to explain:
Score model Bureau scores Applicable mortgage score Lender overlays Potential effect on available programs How Loan Factory Helps Borrowers Understand Mortgage Credit The long history of credit scoring has created many score versions, bureau differences, lender rules, and consumer misconceptions.
At Loan Factory, our Loan Officers can help you:
Review your mortgage credit profile Explain why your mortgage score may differ from an app score Identify the score used for qualification Review report errors or inconsistencies Evaluate credit alongside income, assets, and debts Compare Conventional, FHA, VA, USDA, Jumbo, and Non-QM programs Compare lender overlays Review rate, APR, points, fees, mortgage insurance, and cash to close Track documents and mortgage conditions through TERA Loan Factory provides access to mortgage options from 240+ wholesale lenders. This broad network can help borrowers compare programs and rate-and-cost structures based on the complete application rather than relying on one consumer score.
Check current mortgage rates and compare loan options
Apply online for a personalized mortgage review
For faster support, call or text (660) 333-3333.
Common Myths About the History of Credit Scores Myth 1: Credit Scores Have Always Existed Credit risk has always been evaluated, but statistical scoring did not become commercially established until the late 1950s.
Myth 2: FICO Invented Lending Decisions Lenders made credit decisions for centuries before FICO. FICO helped commercialize and standardize statistical credit-risk evaluation.
Myth 3: The FICO Score Started in 1956 Fair, Isaac and Company was founded in 1956. Its first commercial scoring system followed in 1958, while the general-purpose FICO Score was introduced in 1989.
Myth 4: A Credit Report and Credit Score Are the Same The credit report contains the underlying history. A score is calculated from selected report information.
Myth 5: Everyone Has One Permanent Credit Score Consumers can have many scores based on different bureaus, models, versions, dates, and lending purposes.
Myth 6: Credit Scores Replaced Mortgage Underwriting Mortgage lenders still review income, assets, debts, property, insurance, appraisal, and program requirements.
Myth 7: A High Score Guarantees Approval A high score may strengthen an application, but it cannot replace sufficient qualifying income, acceptable property, or required funds.
Conclusion The history of credit scores has several important milestones.
Statistical credit scoring began in the late 1950s. Bill Fair and Earl Isaac developed an early commercial scoring system in 1958. Large lenders adopted scoring more broadly during the 1960s and 1970s. Generic credit-history scores emerged in the late 1980s. The modern FICO Score was introduced in 1989. FICO Scores became available through all three nationwide credit bureaus in 1991. Mortgage use expanded significantly during the 1990s. VantageScore entered the market in 2006. Scoring models continue to evolve as technology and credit data change. Credit scores were invented to help lenders evaluate repayment risk more quickly, consistently, and efficiently. They were not designed to measure personal worth, income, wealth, or the complete ability to afford a home.
At Loan Factory, we review the score together with your income, debts, assets, property, down payment, and available mortgage programs.
Check mortgage rates and compare available options
Apply online to review your mortgage eligibility
For faster support, call or text (660) 333-3333.
Experience Note When our Loan Officers review a mortgage credit profile, we do not rely only on the three-digit number.
We also review:
Score model Credit bureau data Payment history Credit-card utilization Monthly debt obligations Mortgage or rental history Collections and major derogatory events Recent credit inquiries Income Assets Down payment Property and loan program Understanding how credit scores developed helps borrowers recognize what the score can tell a lender—and what it cannot.
Sources Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only and is not financial, legal, tax, credit-repair, or housing-counseling advice, a commitment to lend, or a guarantee of approval. Credit-score models, mortgage requirements, rates, APRs, fees, pricing adjustments, and eligibility vary by lender, borrower, property, program, underwriting, and market conditions.
About the Author Loan Factory Mortgage Education Team
Loan Factory is a technology-powered mortgage platform helping borrowers compare mortgage options through a broad wholesale lender network.
The Loan Factory Mortgage Education Team helps homebuyers understand the history and purpose of credit scoring, mortgage-specific credit reports, bureau differences, underwriting requirements, and how credit can affect mortgage eligibility and pricing.
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